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The OS is available in 18 languages including regional languages such as Assamese, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati and many others. In this bold move, the government in all set to resurrect their own operating system which is named Bharat Operating System Solutions or BOSS. This OS, which was initially developed in 2007 by National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software (NRCFOSS) of India, is a free and open source operating system. The latest version of BOSS was released in 2013, after that it is said to have undergone many changes to fit the process. According to a report by DNA , it has been launched to overcome the vulnerabilities that exist in government cyberspace which lead to frequent hacking attempts by Chinese hackers and Indian group of hackers. Government officials have reported that the system will be unveiled and discussed in an internal meeting in union home ministry during this week. The latest version of BOSS, which has been tweaked

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FORMATION OF CYCLONE Refers: It refers to any spinning storm that rotates around low air pressure called as Cyclone. Low Air Pressure: When the moist air move rise from water surface that particular area called as low air pressure. FORMATION OF CYCLONE: In order for a Cyclone to form it requires two ingredients: 1. Thunderstorm and 2. Ocean water must be above 26 degree centigrade. When the temperature of water above 26 degree centigrade, water evaporates, this moist air rises above the water surface to form clouds. That particular area becomes low air pressure, we know that higher air pressure always moves towards low air  pressure. Surrounding  to that area, higher air pressure moves towards low air pressure and this cool air become warm and evaporates, this system continuous. When the high pressure air moves along the earth axis, it makes clouds to rotate with high wind. These all combines to form cyclone.

INVENTION OF TOUCHPAD The introduction of laptop created a problem, how to use laptop cursor without a mouse? The solution created by American inventor Dr.George  Gerpheide.He invented touchpad in 1988, it detects fingers movement and transfer it to the on-screen cursor. Before to this invention click was the standard method of operating computer. Till 1994 it was silent that Apple Computers bought the first license to use his technology (Apple PowerBook 520). Construction and working: His touchpad works on employing several layers of material. At the top is a protective layer, about 3 inches (8cm) square, that the user touches. Underneath are several layers of electrodes arranged in horizontal and vertical rows, each separated by thin layer of insulation. These electrodes are connected to a circuit board that provides them a constant supply of alternating current. When finger touches the pad, it interrupts the current, this locality of current registered in circu

POLICE AND FIRE SERVICE PATHAKAMS Medals awarded by Central Govt. These Pathakams awarded on 15 th August and 26 th Jan. 1.       Presidents Police Medal for Distinguished Services. 2.       Presidents Police Medal for Gallantry. 3.       Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Services. 4.       Indian Police Medal for Gallantry. 5.       Prime Ministers Life Saving Medal. 6.       Jeevan Raksha Padak(for civilians) 7.       Parakram Padak(a.k.a wound medal) 8.       Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak. Medals awarded by State Govt. These Pathakams awarded on Ugadi and AP formation day and these medals are given to police department and fire services in the ratio of 9:1. 1.       A.P Mukyamanthri Shaurya Pathakam. 2.       A.P Police Mahonnatha Seva Pathakam. 3.       A.P Police Uttama Seva Pathakam. 4.       A.P Police Kathina Seva Pathakam(for police department) 5.       A.P Police Seva Pathakam.

YALE LOCK Introduction: In 1861, Yale Jr. designed the cylinder pin tumbler lock, which was a lot less weight than his father design and could be opened with smaller keys. His father Mr. Linus Yale designed a lock system which was wooden and bulky. Working of Lock system: Yale Jr. lock works, when a key inserted into the cylinder lock, it pushes the bottom set of pins into alignment, when key matches to lock then all set of pins perfectly insert into the serrated edges to the key. Lock consists of two jaws, one holding all the set of pins with spring action to enter into key jaw. Key easily enters into key jaw when it matches, all the pins in the second jaw perfectly come out of it into key jaw in a plane alignment. When the key rotates, key jaw itself rotates to unlock the system, i.e, all pins align over the jock to unlock the lock. These locks were amenable to mass production with affordable price. Source of this article: 1001 INVENTIONS THAT CH

SECTION-8 

LIQUID FUEL ROCKET Introduce: Robert Goddard introduced liquid fuel rocket into this world. Despite met with many comments, he gave a solution to rocketry which was being used today. Using Mathematics, he worked out the energy to weight ratios of various fuels. This showed gunpowder cannot proper energy to lift a rocket into space. Also, to burn fuel in a  vacuum ,a rocket has to carry its own oxygen supply. Idea: To get around all these problems, one day he got an idea to do a experiment that mixing of gasoline gas with liquid oxygen. Oxygen as a gas takes up a lot of space, but as a liquid it gives the rocket a lot of energy with much less weight and volume. Patent and Experiment: In 1914, Goddard patented the first liquid fueled rocket.12 years later after many failed experiments, Goddard took “Nell, ”a 9-foot tall rocket, out to field. Getting an assistant to light the fuse with a blowtorch on a stick, he saw the rocket rest for a second, then shoot abou

X-RAY TUBE Accident: Do you know this, first x-rays were produced by accident, a by-product emission from gas discharge tubes. Unknowingly high voltage applied between anode and cathode of the tube accelerates the ionized atoms of the gas into the metal cathode. This releases high energy electrons and when these electrons hit the glass of the tube,x-Rays are emitted. X-Rays emission process: X-Ray tubes are the same physical processes but here cathode is especially made for parallel beam of electrons is emitted through a window. Metal target produces both continuum of X-rays and a line spectrum. William Coolidge: William Coolidge inventor and physicist working for general electric. He worked on the properties of ductile tungsten and he was also interested on x-rays. He decided to try using tungsten as the target anode of the discharge tube. It named Coolidge tube. Coolidge tube: Coolidge tube was gas free and had a high temperature tungsten catho

BARCODE INVENTION Root: The development of  barcode  rooted from comments by a food chain president to a university dean at the Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadelphia. The company wanted some sort of system to collect the product information at the checkout automatically and this issue was overhead by Bernard Silver a graduate student. Then Silver and his friend Norman Woodland decided to pursue a solution. Adoption: The pair turned a combination of movie sound track technology invented by Lee De Forest in the 1920s and Morse code dots and dashes. These two just extended the dots and dashes downward and made narrow lines and wide lines out of the Morse code and this statement gave by Woodland. Pattern of working: De Forest’s film included a varying transparency pattern on its edge. When a light shined through it, sensing equipment on other side translates the change of brightness into electronic waveform that turned into sound signals. Woodland ad

A secret behind telescope invention First telescope invention: Before to Galileo, a practical telescope invented by Lippershey. Lippershey owned a spectacle shop, one day two of his children playing in his shop, realized that if they looked through a concave lens close to their eye and another concave lens at arm’s length, the local church tower was greatly magnified. Their father, Hans Lippershey mounted two lens in a tube and tried to sell the device to Dutch Army. Another person named Zacharius Janssen claimed that device copied by Lippershey from me. Jansen and Lippershey lived in the same town and both worked on making optical instruments. Scholars generally argue, however, that there is no real evidence that Lippershey did not develop his telescope independently. Patents were given to Lippershey. Galileo: Later the Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo heard about the new device when he was in Venice in May 1609.Returning to his University in nearby Padua,

                                       RAIN, LIGHTENING AND THUNDERING Rains: Water evaporates from earth and rises as water vapour above the Earth. The atmosphere gets cooler as you go higher - by roughly one degree centigrade cooler for every 100m of altitude in dry air - so as the warm air rises it becomes cooled again by the colder air around it. Eventually the air reaches a height where the temperature forces the water vapour in the warm air to start condensing. This is called the condensation point, and is where the clouds begin to form. The typical cloud formed this way is called a cumulus cloud, or a cumulonimbus cloud when it has a grey bottom and 'looks like rain'. Lightening: Water condenses in cloud and charge separation occurs within it. Positive charge accumulates at top and negative charge accumulates at bottom part of cloud. In the world of electricity, opposites attract and insulators inhibit. As positive and negative charges begin

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             ఆంద్ర కేసరి శ్రీ టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు గారు         టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు గారు సుప్రసిద్ధ స్వాతంత్ర్య సమర యోధుడు , దేశభక్తుడు , మేధావి , ప్రజాసేవకుడు , ధీరుడు , కార్యదక్షుడు    1953 అక్టోబర్ 1 న ప్రత్యేక ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్రం ఏర్పడినప్పుడు దానికి తొలి ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు ఎంపికయ్యారు ..           నిరుపేద కుటుంబంలో పుట్టి , వారాలు చేసుకుంటూ చదువుకుని , ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్ర మొదటి ముఖ్యమంత్రి అయిన ధీరోదాత్తుడు టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు .  మద్రాసులో సైమన్ కమిషన్ వ్యతిరేక ప్రదర్శనలో తుపాకి కెదురుగాచొక్కాగుండీలుతీసి   గుండెచూపి ’ కాల్చ ’ మని నిబ్బరంగానిల్చి తెల్లదొరలను హడలెత్తించి ’ ఆంధ్రకేసరి ‘ అని పేరు పొందినమహానుభావుడు టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం .         ప్రకాశం గారు 1872 ఆగష్టు 23 ననేటి   ప్రకాశం జిల్లాలోని   వినోదరాయునిపాలెం గ్రామంలో సుబ్బమ్మ , వెంకట నరసింహం దంపతు లకు జన్మించాడు .  అప్పటి గుంటూరు జిల్లాలోని టంగుటూరు లో వారి కుటుంబం వంశపారంపర్యంగా గ్రామ కరణాలుగా పనిచేసేవారు . ప్రకాశం గారి 11 వయ